scholarly journals The Early Twentieth-Century Warming in the Arctic—A Possible Mechanism

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 4045-4057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Bengtsson ◽  
Vladimir A. Semenov ◽  
Ola M. Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

The three waves of Arctic urbanisation. Drivers, evolutions, prospects

Polar Record ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Laruelle
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Public Services ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Human Development Report ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe 2014 Arctic Human Development Report identified “Arctic settlements, cities, and communities” as one of the main gaps in knowledge of the region. This article looks at circumpolar urbanisation trends. It dissociates three historical waves of Arctic urbanisation: from the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century (the “colonial” wave), from the 1920s to the 1980s in the specific case of the Soviet urbanisation of the Arctic (the “Soviet” wave), and from the 1960s−70s to the present as a circumpolar trend (the “globalized” wave). It then discusses the three drivers of the latest urbanisation wave (resources, militarisation, and public services) and the prospects for Arctic cities’ sustainability in the near future.

Solar radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth Century Warming period (1921–50)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Pavel Sviashchennikov ◽  
Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
Przemysław Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Solar Forcing ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

<p>The Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) period includes a time when a clear increase in actinometric observations was noted in the Arctic, which is defined for the purpose of the present paper after Atlas Arktiki (Treshnikov ed., 1985). Nevertheless, available information about energy balance, and its components, for the Arctic for the study period is still very limited, and therefore solar forcing cannot be reliably determined. As a result, the literature contains large discrepancies between estimates of solar forcing. For example, reconstructions of the increase of terrestrial solar irradiance (TSI) during the ETCW period range from 0.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (CMIP5, Wang et al., 2005), through 1.8 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Crowley et al., 2003), to 3.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Shapiro et al., 2011). Suo et al. (2013) concluded that the collection and processing of solar data is of paramount and central importance to the ability to take solar forcing into account, especially in modelling work.</p><p>            Having in mind the weaknesses of our knowledge described above, we decided to present in the paper a summary of our research concerning the availability of solar data in the Arctic (including measurements taken during land and marine expeditions). A detailed inventory of data series for the ETCW period (1921–50) also containing all available metadata will be an important part of this work. Based on the gathered data, a preliminary analysis will be presented of the general solar conditions in the Arctic in this time in terms of global, diffuse and direct solar radiation, and their changes from the ETCW period to present times (mainly 1981–2010).</p><p>            The research work in this paper was supported by a grant entitled “Causes of the Early 20th Century Arctic Warming”, funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2015/19/B/ST10/02933).</p><p>References:</p><p>Crowley T.J., Baum S.K., Kim K., Hegerl G.C. and Hyde W.T., 2003. Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1932</p><p>Shapiro A.I., Schmutz W., Rozanov E., Schoell M., Haberreiter M. and co-authors, 2011. A new approach to the long-term reconstruction of the solar irradiance leads to large historical solar forcing. Astron. Astrophys. 529, A67.</p><p>Suo L., Ottera O.H., Bentsen M., Gao Y. and Johannessen O.M., 2013. External forcing of the early 20th century Arctic warming, Tellus A 2013, 65, 20578, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20578</p><p>Treshnikov A.F. (ed.), 1985. Atlas Arktiki. Glavnoye Upravlenye Geodeziy i Kartografiy: Moscow.</p><p>Wang Y.M., Lean J.L. and Sheeley Jr. N.R., 2005. Modeling the sun’s magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astroph. J. 625, 522.</p>

scholarly journals Pacific contribution to the early twentieth-century warming in the Arctic

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 793-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Svendsen ◽  
Noel Keenlyside ◽  
Ingo Bethke ◽  
Yongqi Gao ◽  
Nour-Eddine Omrani
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and symbolic objects from Yana RHS, Arctic Siberia

Antiquity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (333) ◽  
pp. 642-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Pitulko ◽  
Elena Y. Pavlova ◽  
Pavel A. Nikolskiy ◽  
Varvara V. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Arctic Siberia

The excavated site termed Yana RHS is dated to about 28000 BP and contained a stunning assemblage of ornamented and symbolic objects—the earliest art to be excavated in the Arctic zone. Decorated beads, pendants and needles connect the site to the Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic; but other forms and ornaments are unparalleled. Shallow dishes and anthropomorphic designs on mammoth tusks find echoes among hunting practice and shamanistic images of the indigenous Yukaghir people recorded in the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals On the Causes and Dynamics of the Early Twentieth-Century North American Pluvial

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 5043-5060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin I. Cook ◽  
Richard Seager ◽  
Ron L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

The early twentieth-century North American pluvial (1905–17) was one of the most extreme wet periods of the last 500 yr and directly led to overly generous water allotments in the water-limited American west. Here, the causes and dynamics of the pluvial event are examined using a combination of observation-based datasets and general circulation model (GCM) experiments. The character of the moisture surpluses during the pluvial differed by region, alternately driven by increased precipitation (the Southwest), low evaporation from cool temperatures (the central plains), or a combination of the two (the Pacific Northwest). Cool temperature anomalies covered much of the West and persisted through most months, part of a globally extensive period of cooler land and sea surface temperatures (SST). Circulation during boreal winter favored increased moisture import and precipitation in the Southwest, while other regions and seasons were characterized by near-normal or reduced precipitation. Anomalies in the mean circulation, precipitation, and SST fields are partially consistent with the relatively weak El Niño forcing during the pluvial and, also, reflect the impacts of positive departures in the Arctic Oscillation that occurred in 10 of the 13 pluvial winters. Differences between the reanalysis dataset, an independent statistical drought model, and GCM simulations highlight some of the remaining uncertainties in understanding the full extent of SST forcing of North American hydroclimatic variability.

scholarly journals The early twentieth century warming and winter Arctic sea ice

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 2037-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Semenov ◽  
M. Latif
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Arctic Sea

Abstract. The Arctic featured the strongest surface warming over the globe during the recent decades, and the temperature increase was accompanied by a rapid decline in sea ice extent. However, little is known about Arctic sea ice change during the Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) during 1920–1940, also a period of a strong surface warming, both globally and in the Arctic. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of Arctic winter surface air temperature (SAT) to sea ice during 1875–2008 by means of simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced by estimates of the observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration. The Arctic warming trend since the 1960s is very well reproduced by the model. In contrast, ETCW in the Arctic is hardly captured. This is consistent with the fact that the sea ice extent in the forcing data does not strongly vary during ETCW. AGCM simulations with observed SST but fixed sea ice reveal a strong dependence of winter SAT on sea ice extent. In particular, the warming during the recent decades is strongly underestimated by the model, if the sea ice extent does not decline and varies only seasonally. This suggests that a significant reduction of Arctic sea ice extent may have also accompanied the Early Twentieth Century Warming, pointing toward an important link between anomalous sea ice extent and Arctic surface temperature variability.

scholarly journals Comparison of Early Twentieth Century Arctic Warming and Contemporary Arctic Warming in the light of daily and sub-daily data

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-59
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Temperature Range ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Daily Data

Abstract A review of many studies published since the late 1920s reveals that the main driving mechanisms responsible for the Early Twentieth Century Arctic Warming (ETCAW) are not fully recognized. The main obstacle seems to be our limited knowledge about the climate of this period and some forcings. A deeper knowledge based on greater spatial and temporal resolution data is needed. The article provides new (or improved) knowledge about surface air temperature (SAT) conditions (including their extreme states) in the Arctic during the ETCAW. Daily and sub-daily data have been used (mean daily air temperature, maximum and minimum daily temperature, and diurnal temperature range). These were taken from ten individual years (selected from the period 1934–50) for six meteorological stations representing parts of five Arctic climatic regions. Standard SAT characteristics were analyzed (monthly, seasonal, and yearly means), as were rarely investigated aspects of SAT characteristics (e.g., number of characteristic days; day-to-day temperature variability; and onset, end, and duration of thermal seasons). The results were compared with analogical calculations done for data taken from the Contemporary Arctic Warming (CAW) period (2007–16). The Arctic experienced warming between the ETCAW and the CAW. The magnitude of warming was greatest in the Pacific (2.7 °C) and Canadian Arctic (1.9 °C) regions. A shortening of winter and lengthening of summer were registered. Furthermore, the climate was also a little more continental (except the Russian Arctic) and less stable (greater day-to-day variability and diurnal temperature range) during the ETCAW than during the CAW.

scholarly journals Solar Radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth-Century Warming (1921–50): Presenting a Compilation of Newly Available Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
R. Przybylak ◽  
P. N. Svyashchennikov ◽  
J. Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
P. Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Total Solar Irradiance ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

AbstractThe early twentieth-century warming (ETCW), defined as occurring within the period 1921–50, saw a clear increase in actinometric observations in the Arctic. Nevertheless, information on radiation balance and its components at that time is still very limited in availability, and therefore large discrepancies exist among estimates of total solar irradiance forcing. To eliminate these uncertainties, all available solar radiation data for the Arctic need to be collected and processed. Better knowledge about incoming solar radiation (direct, diffuse, and global) should allow for more reliable estimation of the magnitude of total solar irradiance forcing, which can help, in turn, to more precisely and correctly explain the reasons for the ETCW in the Arctic. The paper summarizes our research into the availability of solar radiation data for the Arctic. An important part of this work is its detailed inventory of data series (including metadata) for the period before the mid-twentieth century. Based on the most reliable data series, general solar conditions in the Arctic during the ETCW are described. The character of solar radiation changes between the ETCW and present times, in particular after 2000, is also analyzed. Average annual global solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW was slightly greater than in the period 1964–90 (by about 1–2 W·m−2) and was markedly greater than in the period 2001–19 (by about 16 W·m−2). Our results also reveal that in the period 1920–2019 three phases of solar radiation changes can be distinguished: a brightening phase (1921–50), a stabilization phase (1951–93), and a dimming phase (after 2000).

Seismicity of the Arctic in the Early Twentieth Century: Relocation of the 1904–1920 Earthquakes

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 2000-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey N. Morozov ◽  
Natalya V. Vaganova ◽  
Evgeniya V. Shakhova ◽  
Yana V. Konechnaya ◽  
Vladimir E. Asming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Global Network ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract The parameters of earthquake hypocenters in the Arctic at the beginning of the twentieth century, published by researchers in the first half of the twentieth century, are still used today for building maps of epicenters of instrumental earthquakes. However, they are based on bulletins that did not use data from all seismic stations operating during that period, and on approximate ideas about the propagation of seismic waves in the Earth. We relocated earthquakes recorded within the Arctic region beginning from the early twentieth century with a view to creating a relocated catalog. For the relocation, we collected all available seismic bulletins from the global network using data acquired for the International Seismological Centre–Global Earthquake Model (ISC‐GEM) catalog, the EuroSeismos project, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian State Library. The relocation was performed using a modified method of generalized beamforming and the ak135 velocity model. The relocation procedure was applied to 18 of 25 earthquakes in the Arctic region. The new coordinates of some earthquakes turned out to be significantly different from those that were determined previously. As a result, this may have a significant impact on the final seismic hazard assessment of the territory of the Severnaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land archipelagoes, which are characterized by weak seismicity. Most of the relocated earthquake epicenters are confined to major seismic zones in the Arctic, namely, mid‐ocean ridges, the Svalbard Archipelago, and the Laptev Sea shelf. One earthquake, that of 14 October 1914 with magnitude Mw(ISC‐GEM)=6.6, occurred in the shelf of the Barents Sea in the “continent–ocean” transition zone near the Franz Victoria graben.

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